These examples highlight a more specific form of political organization than simply sharing code, and political goals extending beyond commitments to ‘freedom’ or ‘autonomy’. Making was an especially important form of participation during this study. Wen-Qing Li and study co-author Dr. Abrar Qureshi pointed to one theory for the correlation between the use of the erectile dysfunction (ED) drug Viagra (sildenafil) and the increased likelihood of melanoma development. The gene was injected into their muscles, which made a different EPO protein than the one naturally made in the liver. Laws aside, gene doping raises ethical issues, says Thomas Murray, president of the Hastings Center, a nonprofit bioethics institute in New York. Healthy monkeys died from severe immune reactions after "doping" with the EPO gene. The athlete also could have an immune reaction. If the athlete were harmed, the doctor could be sued for malpractice and lose his or her medical license, says Maxwell Mehlman, a law professor at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. We say would because no one has tried it yet, as far as we know, says Dr. Theodore Friedmann, head of the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) gene doping panel.
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